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This review article examines the translational evolution of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), tracing their progression from the discovery of exendin-4 in Gila monster venom to long-acting peptide analogues and the first orally delivered peptide therapy, oral semaglutide
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Figure 2), which can cause oxidative damage to proteins, nucleic acids, amino acids, and lipids, in addition to increased mitochondrial and cellular damage and death