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The temporal dynamics of neuroinflammation also warrant attention, as evidence suggests that microglial activation at an early stage may initially confer neuroprotective effects, while prolonged activation leads to deleterious consequences [32,54]

5-hydroxycostic acid and hydroxyisocostic acid (two eudesmane-type sesquiterpenes from the herb Laggera alata) can inhibit Tie-2 phosphorylation

The targeted neurological applications of NAC and glycine are increasingly supported by advanced, high-resolution imaging studies

Notably, Rhodiola rosea , Ginkgo biloba , and Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) have garnered particular interest owing to their distinctive pharmacological characteristics that intersect with monoaminergic neurotransmission, neurotrophic support, modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and anti-inflammatory signalingmechanisms that are consistently implicated in the pathophysiological framework of depression