10.1023/A:1021779624971
J Pharmacol Exp Ther 129:4955 Galindo-Tovar A, Vargas ML, Kaumann AJ (2016) Inhibitors of phosphodiesterases PDE2, PDE3, and PDE4 do not increase the sinoatrial tachycardia of noradrenaline and prostaglandin PGE in mice
Anti-inflammatory Activity Moderate Research Research demonstrates significant modulation of inflammatory pathways including reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6 in multiple tissue models
Furthermore, the observed absence of adverse effects across multiple organ systemsincluding the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tractstrengthens the evidence for its safety profile and supports its systemic cytoprotective potential [129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,168]