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A recent report has indicated that the production and release of mtDNA in response to LPS is linked to RAD50, which in turn triggers ALI/ARDS by activating the STING and NF-B signaling pathways, leading to increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (Zhan et al., 2021)

Since this is not included with this standalone version, I will not discuss it in detail

teenagers had reached epidemic proportions

For smoking group i, define p 1i as the proportion of cases (= N 1i / N 1 ), p 2i as the corresponding proportion of controls (= N 2i / N 2 ), and R i as the relative risk of lung cancer compared to never smokers