These distinct regions harbor specific microbial communities, which play vital roles in maintaining oral health, such as aiding in the digestion of food and protecting against pathogenic invaders
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In addition to its impact on physical health, smoking can also have negative effects on mental health, such as increased risk of depression, anxiety, and stress
This can help people to stop smoking altogether by dealing with their cravings in a safer way. Alison Cox, Cancer Research UKs director of cancer prevention, said: Around a third of tobacco-caused deaths are due to cancer, so we want to see many more of the UKs 10 million smokers break their addiction. This study adds to growing evidence that e-cigarettes are a much safer alternative to tobacco, and suggests the long term effects of these products will be minimal