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Free Radic Biol Med 8:275279 OConnell G, Graff DW, DRuiz CD (2016) Reductions in biomarkers of exposure (BoE) to harmful or potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes in adult smokers

The MPSS has been widely used to assess transient shifts in mood and physical symptoms from lack of nicotine and has shown good psychometric properties 27

Health Canada reports that in 2022 the prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults aged 25 and older was 11.7%, with a higher prevalence among men than women

Prevention and control The most important action in affected communities is the prevention of further exposure to arsenic by the provision of a safe water supply for drinking, food preparation and irrigation of food crops