In a large study among 7130 participants of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, there was no difference in the biomarker concentration of inflammatory (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, fibrinogen, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule) and oxidative stress (urinary 8-isoprostane) between participants who used e-cigarettes and non-users 34
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Overall, whether exposures are conducted via NO or WB exposure systems, the TPM concentration resulting from the smoke or aerosol generation must be measured in the breathing zone of the test animals or inside the exposure chamber and recorded, along with the temperature and humidity