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Pro-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) are regarded as depression biomarkers ( The Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharides (APSP) demonstrated a reduction in the levels of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-, while simultaneously increasing the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR proteins induced by chronic mild agnostic stress stimuli in rats ( Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) significantly mitigated the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV-2 microglia induced by LPS or a, while promoting the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines in both BV-2 and primary microglia ( The expression levels of AMPA receptor GluR1 and p-GluR1 were significantly elevated by sulfated pachymaran (SP), whereas the anti-inflammatory and up-regulatory effects of SP on AMPA receptors were completely inhibited by the AMPA receptor inhibitor GYKI 52466 (Zhou and Li, 2020)
[PubMed: 19172031] 171
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