In another study using HT22 cells, huperzine A (HupA) + wortmannin treatment stopped the downregulation of p-mTOR, p-Akt, and p-p70s6 kinase under oxidative glutamate toxicity, leading to the conclusion that HupA abrogates oxidative glutamate toxicity in mouse hippocampal cells via the activation of the BDNF/TrkB-dependent PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway 51
Liposomal Glutathione solves this problem by encapsulating glutathione in lipid-based liposomes, protecting it from digestive enzymes and enhancing its absorption into the bloodstream
PI3P then regulates the recruitment of several downstream autophagic factors such as WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 2 (WIPI2) or the PI3P-binding protein zinc-finger FYVE domain-containing protein 1 (DFCP1) (49, 60, 61)
DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1606432 Aroda VR et al, "Long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Feb